Propósito vital y su relación con las actividades extracurriculares y laborales en estudiantes universitarios

Resumen: El inicio de los estudios universitarios constituye un momento de transición y crisis. Poseer un propósito vital (PV) puede contribuir a la adaptación de los estudiantes. Las actividades extracurriculares y laborales son contextos con potencial para el desarrollo del PV. Este trabajo se propone indagar la relación entre la participación en actividades extracurriculares y laborales con el sentido de PV de estudiantes que inician sus estudios universitarios. Como objetivo secundario se realizó la validación de la Escala de Propósito Vital para Estudiantes Universitarios (EPVE). Por lo tanto, esta investigación se dividió en dos fases. En total participaron 232 estudiantes de ambos sexos (mujeres, 60.3%). En la primera fase se analizaron las propiedades psicométricas de la EPVE. Los resultados indican que posee una adecuada validez de contenido y factorial, y una buena consistencia interna. En la segunda fase, se seleccionaron de la muestra total a los estudiantes que iniciaban sus estudios universitarios y se encontraban en la adultez emergente (n = 160). Se comparó el sentido de PV en función de la participación en las actividades, y se analizó la relación entre el PV y el grado de vinculación percibida entre las actividades y la carrera. Los resultados indicaron que la participación en actividades laborales se asocia a una menor identificación de PV. Sin embargo, cuando se perciben vinculadas a la carrera universitaria, se asocia a una mayor identificación de PV.

Abstract: The beginning of university studies constitutes a moment of transition and crisis. Having a purpose in life (PL) can contribute to students' adaptation. Extracurricular and work activities are contexts with potential for the development of PL. This work aims to investigate the relationship between participation in extracurricular and work activities with the sense of PL in students who begin their university studies. As a secondary objective, the validation of the Purpose in Life Scale for University Students (PLSS) was carried out. Therefore, this research was divided in two stages. A total of 232 students of both sexes participated (women, 60.3%). In the first stage, the psychometric properties of the PLSS were analyzed. The results indicate that it has adequate content and factor validity, and good internal consistency. In the second stage, students who were beginning their university studies and were emerging adults (n = 160) were selected from the total sample. The sense of PL was compared based on the participation in activities, and the relationship between PL and the degree of perceived link between activities and career was analyzed. The results indicated that the participation in work activities was associated with a lower identification of PL. However, when it was perceived as linked to a university career, it was associated with a greater identification of PL.

Resumo: O início dos estudos universitários constitui um momento de transição e crise. Possuir um propósito vital (PV) pode contribuir para a adaptação dos alunos. As atividades extracurriculares e laborais são contextos com potencial para o desenvolvimento da PV. Este trabalho tem como objetivo investigar a relação entre a participação em atividades extracurriculares e laborais com o sentido de PV de estudantes que iniciam seus estudos universitários. Como objetivo secundário, foi realizada a validação da Escala de Propósito Vital para Estudantes Universitários (EPVE). Portanto, esta pesquisa foi dividida em duas fases. No total, participaram 232 alunos de ambos os sexos (mulheres, 60,3%). Na primeira fase, foram analisadas as propriedades psicométricas do EPVE. Os resultados indicam que possui validade de conteúdo e fatorial adequada e boa consistência interna. Na segunda fase, foram selecionados do total da amostra alunos que estavam iniciando seus estudos universitários e em fase adulta emergente (n = 160). Comparou-se o sentido de PV em função da participação nas atividades, e analisou-se a relação entre PV e o grau de vínculo percebido entre atividades e carreira. Os resultados indicam que a participação em atividades laborais está associada a uma menor identificação de PV. No entanto, quando percebidos como vinculados a uma carreira universitária, associa-se a uma maior identificação de PV.

Análisis factorial confirmatorio de la Escala de Dificultades en la Regulación Emocional Estado en una muestra argentina / Confirmatory Factor Analysis of State Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale in an Argentine Sample

Resumen La desregulación emocional es un constructo multidimensional determinado por formas poco adaptativas de responder frente a las emociones. Las personas adultas emergentes (i.e., entre 18 y 25/30 años de edad), particularmente universitarias, son vulnerables a involucrarse en comportamientos riesgosos en contextos emocionales. La Escala de Dificultades en la Regulación Emocional Estado (S-DERS) resulta adecuada para medir dimensiones de desregulación emocional momentánea en esta población; sin embargo, no se conocen estudios confirmatorios de su estructura factorial ni estudios de adaptación al idioma español. El objetivo del presente estudio fue examinar las propiedades psicométricas de la S-DERS. Se evaluaron 178 adultos emergentes universitarios argentinos (18-28 años; 53.9% mujeres; Medad= 22.03; DE ±2.06). Se analizó la estructura y la consistencia interna del modelo original (S-DERS; cuatro factores: aceptación, conciencia, claridad y modulación) y un modelo alternativo (S-DERS-R; 3 factores) sin el factor claridad. Ambos modelos presentaron un ajuste satisfactorio de su estructura factorial y valores aceptables de consistencia interna, a excepción de la subescala claridad. Mayormente, para las subescalas aceptación y modulación y puntajes totales de ambos modelos, se obtuvieron evidencias de validez convergente con dos escalas de desregulación emocional rasgo concurrente con una escala de afecto positivo y negativo y predictiva con una medida de activación emocional. Los resultados muestran propiedades psicométricas adecuadas. S-DERS-R, que prescinde del factor claridad, mejora el ajuste y mantiene valores de consistencia interna aceptables respecto a S-DERS. Se espera que este instrumento sea útil en estudios transversales y longitudinales de la desregulación emocional estado en universitarios.

Abstract: Emotion dysregulation is a multidimensional construct determined by maladaptive ways of responding to emotions. Emerging adults (i.e., aged from 18 to 25/30), particularly college students, are vulnerable to involvement in risky behaviors under emotions. The State Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (S-DERS) became suitable to measure facets of momentary emotion dysregulation in this population; however, there are no confirmatory studies or studies of adaptation to the Spanish language. The aim of this study was to examine psychometric properties of S-DERS. A sample of 178 Argentine emerging college-age adults was evaluated (18-28 years old; 53.9% women; Mage= 22.03; DE ± 2.06). Internal structure and consistency of the original model (i.e., S-DERS; four factors: Nonacceptance, Awareness, Clarity, Modulation) and an alternative model without Clarity (i.e., S-DERS-R; three factors) was analyzed. Both models presented a factor structure with satisfactory fit and acceptable values of internal consistency, with the exception of the Clarity subscale. Mainly to Nonacceptance and Modulation subscales, we observed evidence of convergent validity with two-trait emotion dysregulation scales, concurrent validity with a positive and negative affect scale, and predictive validity with an emotion arousal measure. Results show suitable sychometric properties. The S-DERS-R model (i.e., without Clarity factor) improves the model fit and maintains acceptable internal consistency values with respect to the S-DERS model. This instrument is expected to be useful in cross-sectional and longitudinal studies of state emotion dysregulation in college students.

What do you really want? Change in goals and life satisfaction during Emerging Adulthood in Brazil / ¿Tienes ganas de qué? Cambios en las metas y en la satisfacción de vida en adultos emergentes en Brasil

Abstract Aim and Introduction: The aim of this study was to investigate how different types of goals may affect the satisfaction in life of Brazilian emerging adults in different developmental stages and, what characteristics they associate with adulthood. Method: Participants were 970 Brazilian youth aged from 18 to 30 years old (M = 22.8; SD = 3.4). The instruments we used were a socio-demographic questionnaire, the Aspiration Index and the Satisfaction with Life Scale. We performed a descriptive statistical analysis to elicit the characteristics related with becoming an adult, as well as ANOVAs to test if there was a difference between the endorsement of intrinsic or extrinsic goals based on sociodemographic characteristics; and if there was a difference, did it affect their satisfaction with life. Results: Results showed that the most important characteristic to be considered an adult was to be financially independent and to be responsible for oneself, while the least important were to be married and to have children. There was a significant difference in the importance participants gave to intrinsic goals based on sex and age. Consistently with previous research, we found that giving greater importance to intrinsic goals had a positive and significant effect on life satisfaction. However, different sets of goals were deemed important according to the developmental stage youth were in, and these changes had in turn a significant effect on life satisfaction. Conclusions: Finally, we found that prioritizing intrinsic goals contributes to greater life satisfaction in general. This study acknowledges that there are individual and contextual factors that may propel youth to choose their goals in order to attend these demands, regardless of their impact on life satisfaction.

Resumen Objetivo e introducción: El objetivo de este artículo fue investigar como diferentes tipos de metas pueden afectar la satisfacción con la vida de adultos emergentes brasileños en diferentes etapas de su desarrollo, y definir qué características ellos asocian con la edad adulta. Método: Participaron 970 jóvenes brasileños con edades entre 18 y 30 años (M = 22.8; DE = 3.4). Los instrumentos utilizados fueron un cuestionario sociodemográfico, el Índice de Aspiraciones y la Escala de Satisfacción con la Vida. Ejecutamos un análisis descriptivo para elucidar cuáles fueron las características asociadas con volverse adultos. Luego, ANOVAs para verificar si había diferencia en su endoso de metas intrínsecas o extrínsecas basada en sus características sociodemográficas; y en caso de que la hubiese, si esta afectaba su nivel de satisfacción con la vida. Resultados: Los resultados mostraron que la característica más importante para ser considerado un adulto es ser financieramente independiente y ser responsable de sí mismo, mientras que las menos importantes fueron estar casados y tener hijos. Hubo una diferencia significativa en la importancia que los participantes dieron a las metas intrínsecas, con base en el sexo y la edad. Consistentemente con investigaciones previas, encontramos que dar mayor importancia a metas intrínsecas está positiva y significativamente relacionado con la satisfacción con la vida. Sin embargo, diferentes grupos de metas fueron encontradas como más importantes en diferentes etapas del desarrollo de los jóvenes, y esos cambios, a su vez, tuvieron un efecto significativo en la satisfacción con la vida. Conclusiones: Finalmente, aunque dar importancia a las metas intrínsecas está asociada con una mayor satisfacción con la vida en general. Este estudio contribuyó a reconocer que existen factores individuales y contextuales que impulsan a los jóvenes hacia la elección de dichas metas para atender estas demandas, independientemente de su impacto en la satisfacción con la vida.

Social Media Addiction and Empathy among Emerging Adults

Background: The current study aims to find the correlation between social media addiction and empathy among emerging adults ranging from the age 16-24. It also aims to investigate whether there is a significant difference in the empathy and social media addiction with respect to age and gender. Methodology: The current study aims to find the correlation between social media addiction and empathy among emerging adults ranging from the age 16-24. It also aims to investigate whether there is a significant difference in the empathy and social media addiction with respect to age and gender. Results: The results suggested that there is no correlation between social media addiction and empathy amongst emerging adults. When empathy was compared between males and females who are addicted to social media, there was a significant difference, but when compared between the age groups of 16-24 years, there was no significant difference. The researcher also found that there was no significant difference in social media addiction with respect to both gender and age. Conclusion: Out of the five hypotheses of this study, four of them were accepted. No significant correlation between social media addiction and empathy was found. Further studies are needed in this direction.

Adultez e o fenômeno nem-nem: gênero, educação e mercado de trabalho / Adulthood and the neet phenomenon: gender, education and labor market / Adultez y el fenómeno nini: género, educación y mercado de trabajo

O presente estudo objetivou investigar os fatores relacionados à condição "nem-nem" entre jovens à luz do conceito de adultez emergente e das transformações ocorridas no mundo do trabalho. A amostra foi composta de 224 jovens que não estudam e nem trabalham. Os instrumentos foram um questionário sociodemográfico e duas questões abertas sobre os motivos dos jovens estarem sem estudar e trabalhar, e sobre suas perspectivas de futuro. As respostas provenientes das questões abertas foram submetidas a estatísticas textuais. Os resultados revelaram que jovens na condição nem-nem vivenciam aspectos típicos da adultez emergente, e que essas vivências são atravessadas por aspectos como gênero, escolaridade, experiência de trabalho, pela precariedade do mercado de trabalho e a forma como a mesma afeta a juventude em particular.

The present study aimed to investigate the factors related to the neither-nor condition among young people in the light of the concept of emerging adulthood and the transformations that occurred in the world of work. The sample consisted of 224 young people who neither study nor work. The instruments were a sociodemographic questionnaire and two open questions about why young people are not studying and working, and about their future prospects. Answers from open questions were submitted to textual statistics. The results revealed that young people in the neither-nor condition experience typical aspects of emerging adulthood, and that these experiences are crossed by aspects such as gender, education, previous work experience, the precariousness of the labor market and the way it is affects youth in particular.

El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo investigar los factores relacionados con la condición de ni-ni entre los jóvenes a la luz del concepto de adultez emergente y las transformaciones ocurridas en el mundo laboral. La muestra estuvo formada por 224 jóvenes que ni estudian ni trabajan. Los instrumentos fueron un cuestionario sociodemográfico y dos preguntas abiertas sobre por qué los jóvenes no estudian ni trabajan, y sobre sus perspectivas de futuro. Las respuestas de las preguntas abiertas se enviaron a las estadísticas textuales. Los resultados revelaron que los jóvenes en la condición ni-ni experimentan aspectos típicos de la adultez emergente, y que estas experiencias son atravesadas por aspectos como el género , la educación, la experiencia laboral previa, la precariedad del mercado laboral y la forma en que se encuentra afecta a los jóvenes en particular.

Preditores das Crenças de Autoeficácia de Jovens Frente aos Papéis de Adulto / Predictors of Young People's Self-Efficacy Beliefs Regarding Adult Roles

Resumo O objetivo do estudo foi testar um modelo de predição para as crenças de autoeficácia de jovens face aos papéis de adulto, identificando seus recursos e de seus contextos. Participaram 434 jovens de ambos os sexos (idade entre 18 e 29 anos), provenientes majoritariamente do estado do Rio de Janeiro. Os instrumentos utilizados foram: Escala de Autoeficácia face aos Papéis de Adulto; Inventário de Habilidades Sociais; Índice de Solidariedade Intergeracional; Inventário de Dimensões da Adultez Emergente; Critério de Classificação Econômica Brasil. Resultados indicaram que as variáveis sexo, foco em si, instabilidade, valores familiarese habilidades sociais de expressão de sentimentos positivospredisseram as crenças de autoeficácia dos jovens.São discutidas as implicações desses resultados para pesquisas de avaliação e intervenção.

Abstract In this study, we tested a predictive model for young people's self-efficacy beliefs regarding adult roles to identify their resources and resources of their contexts in the transition to adulthood. Participants were 434 young men and women (aged between 18 and 29 years) from the State of Rio de Janeiro. The instruments used were: Self-efficacy Scale regarding Adult Roles; Social Skills Inventory; Intergenerational Solidarity Index; Inventory of Emerging Adulthood Dimensions; Brazilian Economic Classification Criteria. Results indicated that the variables as gender, self-focus, instability, family values, and expressing positive feelings predicted young people's self-efficacy beliefs. We discuss the implications of these results for research on evaluation and intervention.

Eventos de vida e Construção da Identidade na Adultez Emergente / Life Events and Building Identity during Emerging Adulthood / Eventos de Vida y Construcción de Identidad en la Adultez Emergente

Durante o período da adultez emergente, a forma como eventos vividos são compreendidos é afetada pela narrativa de história de vida internalizada pelo indivíduo. A investigação dos tipos de experiências mais frequentes nessa fase contribui para a compreensão da forma como histórias de vida e identidades são construídas. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar temáticas frequentes nos eventos de vida considerados importantes por jovens universitários. Participaram 287 universitários, com idades entre 18 e 35 anos (M = 22,55; DP = 5,88) que responderam a um questionário no qual relataram sete eventos mais importantes de suas vidas. Valência emocional, importância, prevalência e idade na qual ocorreu foram atribuídos pelos participantes aos seus eventos de vida. Os eventos citados foram, em sua maioria, considerados positivos, resultado condizente com a literatura sobre memória autobiográfica. As três categorias mais citadas envolveram temáticas relacionadas à exploração identitária e de possibilidades, características marcantes da adultez emergente. (AU)

During the emerging adulthood life period, the way that the events are understood is influenced by the internalized life story narrative. The investigation of the kind of experience that is most frequent in this period contributes to the understanding of the way life stories and identities are built. The goal of this study was to investigate the most frequently found themes in the events considered the most important ones by Brazilian undergraduates. Participants were 287 college students, with ages between 18 and 35 years (M = 22,55; SD = 5.88), who completed a questionnaire about the seven most important events that happened in their lives. Participants also rated each event for valence, importance, prevalence, and the age in which it occurred. The events mentioned were mostly positive, a result in line with the literature on autobiographical memory. The three most mentioned categories were related to the exploration of identity and possibilities that are characteristic of the emerging adulthood. (AU)

Durante el periodo de la adultez emergente, la forma como se comprenden los eventos vividos es afectada por la narrativa de historia de vida internalizada por el individuo. La investigación de los tipos de experiencias más frecuentes de esta fase contribuye para la comprensión del modo en que las historias de vida y las identidades son construidas. El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar temáticas frecuentes en los eventos de vida considerados importantes por jóvenes universitarios. Participaron 287 universitarios con edades entre 18 y 35 años (M = 22,55; DE = 5,88), respondiendo a un cuestionario en el que relataron los siete eventos más importantes de sus vidas. Valencia emocional, importancia, prevalencia y edad en la que ocurrieron los eventos fueron atribuidos por los participantes a sus eventos de vida. Los eventos citados fueron considerados positivos en su mayoría, un resultado congruente con la literatura sobre memoria autobiográfica. Las tres categorías más citadas comprenden temáticas relacionadas a la exploración de la identidad y de las posibilidades, características marcantes de la adultez emergente. (AU)

Evaluación de la adultez emergente en Chile: validación del IDEA - extendido en universitarios chilenos / Assessment of emerging adulthood in Chile: validation of the extended - IDEA in Chilean university students

Resumen La adultez emergente es un nuevo periodo evolutivo, que abarca de los 18 a los 29 años. El instrumento más utilizado para evaluarla es el Inventario de Dimensiones de Adultez Emergente (IDEA). El objetivo general del estudio fue evaluar la pertinencia cultural y las características psicométricas del IDEA y de 25 ítems culturales/émicos en una muestra de 589 de universitarios chilenos. Análisis factoriales exploratorios demostraron que el IDEA tiene una estructura similar a la señalada por otro estudio chileno, y los ítems culturales conforman una estructura de tres factores. El análisis factorial confirmatorio arrojó un modelo unifactorial de seis indicadores, tres contienen 21 ítems originales del IDEA, y tres conservan 24 ítems culturales formando un solo instrumento, denominado IDEA - extendido, con propiedades psicométricas adecuadas. Este instrumento caracteriza la adultez emergente como una sola etapa de vida, que contiene aspectos éticos y émicos, dando un panorama integrado de sus características.

Abstract Emerging adulthood is a new evolutionary period ranging from 18 to 29 years. The most used instrument to evaluate it is the Inventory of the Dimensions of Emerging Adulthood (IDEA). The general objective of the study was to evaluate the cultural relevance and psychometric characteristics of the IDEA and 25 cultural/ emic items in a sample of 589 Chilean university students. Exploratory factorial analysis showed that the IDEA has a similar structure to one indicated by another Chilean study, and the cultural items form a three-factor structure. Confirmatory factorial analysis threw a unifactorial model of six indicators, three of them contain 21 original items of the IDEA, and three conserve 24 cultural items forming a single instrument, called extended - IDEA, with adequate psychometric properties. This instrument characterizes the emerging adulthood as a single stage of life, which contains ethical and emic aspects, giving an integrated view of its characteristics.

Status of social avoidance and distress in emerging adults with Type 1 diabetes mellitus and its association with self-management and glycemic control / 中南大学学报(医学版)

: Emerging adult patients with Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) appear to have a reduced opportunities on learning and exercise, a decreased skill in learning and work, a lower degree of social support due to fear and avoidance of social interaction. This study aimed to assess the level of social avoidance and distress in emerging adults with T1DM, and to explore the correlation between social avoidance and distress and self-management or glycemic control. : A total of 342 T1DM patients aged 18-30 years old were recruited from 8 tertiary hospitals in Hunan Province from September 2014 to February 2019. The questionnaire included general information questionnaire, the Social Avoidance and Distress Scale (SAD), and Self-management Scale of Type 1 Diabetes for Chinese Adults (SMOD-CA). The total scores of SAD in emerging adult patients with T1DM were compared with those of norm. Correlation between glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and social avoidance and distress of emerging adult patients with T1DM was analyzed. : The total score of SAD (11.13±6.18) in emerging adults with T1DM was significantly higher than that in healthy adults (=77.06, <0.01). Pearson correlation analysis showed that the scores of SAD, social avoidance subscale, and social distress subscale were negatively correlated with the scores of SMOD-CA (all <0.01), and they were positively correlated with HbA1c (all <0.01). Multivariate linear regression analysis showed that social avoidance and distress, self-management, gender, and educational level were independent influential factors for HbA1c in emerging adults with T1DM. : The degree of social avoidance and distress of emerging adult patients with T1DM is higher than that of healthy people. The higher the degree of social avoidance and distress, the lower the level of self-management and the worse the control of blood sugar. Attention should be paid to social avoidance and distress in emerging adults with T1DM, and targeted interventions should be formulated.

Emerging Adulthood Features in Brazilians from Differing Socioeconomic Status / Características de la Adultez Emergente en Brasileños de Diferentes Niveles Socioeconómicos

Abstract The present study aimed at investigating emerging adulthood features in Brazilians from low and high socioeconomic statuses (SESs). The sample was 547 Southern Brazilians; residents in the urban context, between 18 and 29 years old (Md = 22 years; IQR = 7), 64.2% females. From this sample, 13 participants were randomly selected to participate on the qualitative study. Instruments were the Brazilian Version of the Inventory of Dimensions of Emerging Adulthood, a Semi-structured interview, and the variable socioeconomic status (SES) from the Brazilian Adolescence and Youth Questionnaire. Analysis from Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) indicated no associations between SES and IDEA (Inventory of Dimensions of Emerging Adulthood) dimensions. Deductive thematic analysis revealed the presence of emerging adulthood features in Brazil (general Kappa = .83) and that economic disparities affected youth developmental trajectories. High SES individuals were more likely to experience EA features according to what has been observed in industrialized countries. Low SES individuals presented a divergent trend, because their opportunities to live a period of identity exploration would happen after another-focused period. The transition to adulthood considered as a nonlinear process influenced by the socioeconomic context is discussed.

Resumen El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo investigar las características emergentes de la edad adulta en brasileños de estados socioeconómicos (SES) bajos y altos. La muestra fue de 547 brasileños del sur; residentes en el contexto urbano, entre 18 y 29 años (Md = 22 años; IQR = 7), 64.2% mujeres. De esta muestra, 13 participantes fueron seleccionados al azar para participar en el estudio cualitativo. Los instrumentos fueron la versión brasileña del Inventario de dimensiones de la adultez emergente, una entrevista semiestructurada y el estatus socioeconómico variable (SES) del Cuestionario brasileño de adolescentes y jóvenes. El análisis del modelado de ecuaciones estructurales (SEM) no indicó asociaciones entre las dimensiones SES e IDEA (Inventario de Dimensiones de Adultez Emergente; IDEA, Inventory of Dimensions of Emerging Adulthood). El análisis temático deductivo reveló la presencia de características emergentes de la edad adulta en Brasil (general Kappa = .83) y que las disparidades económicas afectaron las trayectorias de desarrollo de los jóvenes. Los individuos con un Nivel Socio-Económico (NSE) más alto tenían más probabilidades de experimentar características Emergentes de la Edad (EA) de acuerdo con lo observado en los países industrializados. Los individuos con bajo NSE presentaron una tendencia divergente, porque sus oportunidades de vivir un período de exploración de identidad ocurrirían después de un período centrado en otro. Se discute la transición a la edad adulta considerada como un proceso no lineal influenciado por el contexto socioeconómico.

Meaning in Life and Psychological Weil-Being in Spanish Emerging Adults / Sentido de vida e bem-estar psicológico em adultos emergentes espanhóis / Sentido de vida y bienestar psicológico en adultos emergentes españoles

Abstract Experiencing meaning in life (MiL) and psychological well-being (PWB) is an important developmental task in emerging adulthood, perhaps more than in any other period in life due to its transitional character and to the nature of its features, in Western societies. This study analyzes the relationship between MiL and PWB, as well as the differences in PWB according to the level of MiL (lack of meaning, indefinite meaning, and presence of meaning), in a sample of 333 Spanish emerging adults (224 women, 109 men), age ranged from 17 to 26 years, M = 21.06, SD = 2.23. Both Spanish versions of the Purpose-In-Life Test and the Ryff's Scales of Psychological Well-Being were used. The Spearman's coefficient of correlation showed a positive, significant relationship between MiL and PWB (global and dimensions). The Kruskal-Wallis test showed significant differences in PWB between lack of meaning, indefinite meaning, and presence of meaning groups, except in Autonomy, in which only the difference between the presence of meaning group and the indefinite meaning group was significant. MiL is associated to the cognitive, emotional, and motivational aspects that directly point to PWB: positive self-worth and self-acceptance, perception and experience of freedom, responsibility and self-determination, positive view of both life as a whole and future, purpose and commitment of significant existential goals, self-trascendence and opening up to the others, integrative but not resigned coping of the adversity, life satisfaction, and self-realization.

Resumo Sentir que a vida tem sentido e experimentar bem-estar psicológico são uma importante tarefa evolutiva na idade adulta emergente, talvez mais que em qualquer outra etapa evolutiva, devido a seu caráter transicional e a suas características nas sociedades ocidentais. Neste estudo, analisam-se as relações entre sentido de vida e bem-estar psicológico, bem como as diferenças em bem-estar psicológico em função do nível de sentido de vida (vazio existencial, indefinição de sentido e experiência de sentido) numa amostra de 333 adultos emergentes espanhóis (224 mulheres e 109 homens) com idade entre 17 e 26 anos (M=21.06, DT=2.23). Como instrumentos, foram utilizadas versões espanholas do teste Purpose-In-Life e das Escalas de Bem-estar Psicológico de Ryff. Como resultado, o coeficiente de correlação de Spearman mostrou uma relação positiva e significativa entre sentido de vida e bem-estar psicológico (global e dimensões), enquanto o teste de Kruskal-Wallis mostrou diferenças significativas em bem-estar psicológico entre os grupos de vazio existencial, indefinição de sentido e experiência de sentido, exceto na dimensão de Autonomia, na qual somente foi significativa a diferença entre experiência de sentido e indefinição de sentido. O sentido de vida se relacionou com os aspectos cognitivos, emocionais e motivacionais que apontam diretamente ao bem-estar subjetivo, isto é: autovalorização positiva e autoaceitação, percepção e experiência de liberdade, responsabilidade e autodeterminação, visão positiva da vida como um todo e do futuro, propósito e compromisso com metas existenciais importantes, autotranscedência e abertura aos demais, enfrentamento integrador, mas não resignado, da adversidade, satisfação vital e autorrealização.

Resumen Sentir que la vida tiene sentido y experimentar bienestar psicológico son una importante tarea evolutiva en la adultez emergente, quizá más que en cualquier otra etapa evolutiva, debido a su carácter transicional y a sus características en las sociedades occidentales. En este estudio se analizan las relaciones entre sentido de la vida y bienestar psicológico, así como las diferencias en bienestar psicológico en función del nivel de sentido de vida (vacío existencial, indefinición de sentido y experiencia de sentido) en una muestra de 333 adultos emergentes españoles (224 mujeres y 109 hombres) con edades entre 17 y 26 años, M = 21.06, DT = 2.23. Como instrumentos, se utilizaron versiones españolas del test Purpose-In-Life y de las Escalas de Bienestar Psicológico de Ryff. Como resultado, el coeficiente de correlación de Spearman mostró una relación positiva y significativa entre sentido de vida y bienestar psicológico (global y dimensiones), mientras que el test de Kruskal-Wallis mostró diferencias significativas en bienestar psicológico entre los grupos de vacío existencial, indefinición de sentido y experiencia de sentido, excepto en la dimensión de Autonomía, en la cual solo fue significativa la diferencia entre experiencia de sentido e indefinición de sentido. El sentido de vida se relacionó con los aspectos cognitivos, emocionales y motivacionales que apuntan directamente al bienestar subjetivo, es decir: autovaloración positiva y autoaceptación, percepción y experiencia de libertad, responsabilidad y autodeterminación, visión positiva de la vida como un todo y del futuro, propósito y compromiso con metas existenciales importantes, autotrascendencia y apertura a los demás, afrontamiento integrativo pero no resignado de la adversidad, y satisfacción vital y autorrealización.

Brazilian version of the inventory of the dimensions of emerging adulthood: investigating the current transition to adulthood / Versão brasileira do inventário das dimensões da adultez emergente: investigando a atual transição para a vida adulta / Versión brasileña del inventario de las dimensiones de la adultez emergente: investigación de la actual transición para la vida adulta

The goal of the present study was to analyze the factor structure of the Inventory of Dimensions of Emerging Adulthood (IDEA) in Brazil, in order to use the measure in subsequent studies in the country, and to provide data for comparison of the measure factor structure in different countries. The sample included 547 individuals; residents in Porto Alegre (RS), from low and high SESs, ranging in age from 18 to 29 years old. Results pointed out that the inventory presented a different structure when compared with the original measure. For instance, the item "separating from parents" migrated from the dimension Identity Exploration to Self-focused , influenced by Brazilian cultural specificities. The inventory examined IDEA presented a new factor structure, associated with Brazilian context and the structure of the items on the original measure. In conclusion, the measure is a satisfactory tool of investigation of the emerging adulthood phenomenon in Brazil and Latin America.

O objetivo do presente estudo foi de analisar a estrutura fatorial do Inventário de Dimensões da Adultez Emergente (IDEA) no Brasil, a fim de utilizar a medida em estudos subsequentes no país, e para fornecer dados para comparação da estrutura fatorial do instrumento em diferentes países. A amostra incluiu 547 indivíduos entre 18 e 29 anos, residentes em Porto Alegre (RS), de níveis socioeconômicos alto e baixo. Os resultados apontaram que o inventário apresentou uma estrutura diferente no Brasil quando comparado com a medida original. Por exemplo, o item "separar-se dos pais" migrou da dimensão "Exploração da Identidade" para a dimensão "Foco em si mesmo", fato influenciado por especificidades culturais brasileiras. O inventário examinado apresentou uma nova estrutura fatorial, associada com o contexto brasileiro e com características específicas da distribuição dos itens na estrutura original. Por fim, conclui-se que a medida pode ser usada satisfatoriamente como uma ferramenta de investigação do fenômeno adultez emergente no Brasil e na América Latina.

El objetivo de este estudio fue examinar la estructura factorial del Inventario de las dimensiones de la adultez emergente (IDEA) en Brasil, con el fin de utilizar la medida en estudios posteriores en el país, y para proporcionar datos para la comparación de la estructura factorial del instrumento en diferentes países. La muestra incluyó 547 individuos entre 18 y 29 años que viven en Porto Alegre (RS), niveles socioeconómicos alto y bajo. Los resultados mostraron que el inventario tenía una estructura diferente en Brasil cuando se compara con la medida original. Por ejemplo, el ítem «separarse de sus padres¼ emigró de la dimensión «Exploración de la identidad¼ para la medida «centrarse en sí mismo¼ y hecho de la influencia de las especificidades culturales de Brasil. El inventario examinado presenta una nueva estructura factorial, asociado con el contexto y las características específicas de brasileños y de la distribución de los elementos de la estructura original. Por último, se concluye que la medida puede utilizarse satisfactoriamente como una herramienta de investigación de la adultez emergente en Brasil y América Latina.

Adultez emergente y características culturales de la etapa en universitarios chilenos / Emerging adulthood and cultural characteristics of the stage in Chilean university students

La Adultez Emergente es un periodo de vida entre los 18 y 29 años, culturalmente construido y no de carácter universal. Ante la escasez de estudios en esta etapa en Chile, el objetivo de esta investigación fue caracterizar la Adultez Emergente, y determinar sus rasgos más relevantes en universitarios chilenos, a través de una aproximación cualitativa, desde los protagonistas. Seis grupos focales conformados por 60 universitarios a nivel nacional analizaron los ítems del Inventario de Dimensiones de Adultez Emergente o discutieron sus creencias sobre tres áreas definidas a priori: Identidad y Autoconcepto, Relación con los padres y salida del hogar, y Amor y sexualidad. Se evidencia la presencia de la Adultez Emergente en universitarios, pues las características centrales de la teoría están presentes en este grupo, y se obtiene evidencia de aspectos de carácter cultural propios de los universitarios chilenos, relacionados a la importancia de los vínculos familiares y sociales.

Emerging Adulthood is a period of life between 18 and 29 years old, culturally constructed and not universal. Given the paucity of studies about this developmental stage in Chile, the objective of this research was to characterize Emerging Adulthood and determine its most important features in Chilean university students using a qualitative approach, focused at the protagonists themselves. Six focus groups formed by 60 university students revised the items of the Inventory of Dimensions of Emerging Adulthood (IDEA) or discussed their beliefs about three areas defined a priori: Identity and self-concept, Relationship with parents and leaving home, and Love and sexuality. The presence of the Emerging Adulthood stage in university students is evident since its central features are present in this group; also there is evidence of others aspects that belong to cultural characteristics of the own Chilean university students which are related to the importance given to the family and social relationships.

Habilidades sociais e fatores de risco e proteção na adultez emergente / Social skills and risk and protective factors in emerging adulthood / Habilidades sociales y factores de riesgo y de protección en la adultez emergente

Este estudo objetivou avaliar relações entre habilidades sociais e pensamentos negativos com fatores de proteção e de risco na adultez emergente. Participaram 521 adultos entre 18 e 30 anos (M = 22,68; DP = 3,21). Os participantes foram agrupados com base em seus escores de habilidades sociais e presença de pensamentos negativos frente a interações sociais. Foram desenvolvidas ANOVAS para comparação das médias entre os grupos. Comparações de grupos demonstraram diferenças significativas entre eles, em que o grupo socialmente competente apresentou medias superiores de fatores de proteção e inferiores nos fatores de risco em relação aos demais. Habilidades sociais podem ser consideradas fator de proteção, sua presença está associada a melhores índices de autoestima, autoeficácia e qualidade nos relacionamentos.

This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between social skills, negative thoughts and protective and risk factors. The study included 521 emerging adults aged between 18 and 30 years (M = 22.68 years, SD = 3.21). To evaluate the relationship between variables, the participants were grouped based on their scores of social skills and presence of negative thoughts regarding social interaction. ANOVAS were conducted to compare means among groups. Results pointed out that the most socially skilled group had a greater presence of protective factors and lower of risk factors in relation to other groups. Social skills may be considered as a protective factor because they are related to increased self-esteem, self-efficacy and quality in relationships, helping in the formation of supportive networks.

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar las relaciones entre las habilidades sociales y los pensamientos negativos con factores protectores y de riesgo en la adultez emergente. Participaron 521 adultos entre 18 y 30 años (M = 22.68, SD = 3.21). Los participantes fueron agruparon en base a sus puntuaciones de las habilidades sociales y la presencia de pensamientos negativos en las interacciones sociales. ANOVAs fueron desarrollados para comparar las medias entre los grupos. Comparaciones de grupo mostraron diferencias significativas entre ellos, el grupo socialmente competente tuve mayores promedios de los factores de protección y más bajos en los factores de riesgo en relación con los demás. Las habilidades sociales pueden considerarse como un factor protector, su presencia se asocia con mejores niveles de autoestima, la autoeficacia y calidad en las relaciones.

Study on college students′psychological stress feeling in Hainan province / 重庆医学

Objective The objective of this study is to investigate the psychological stress status of Chinese college students ,and to provide evidence for mental health education in colleges and universities .Methods A random sampling method was conducted to perform the questionnaire (psychological stress scale for college students by Zhang Lin ,Che Wenbo ,etc .) on psychological stress a‐mong 205 college students .Results The main sources of psychological stress on college students were job‐seeking pressure ,school pressure ,academic pressure ,emotion pressure and interpersonal pressure .The scores on college environment and learning task stress of engineering and technology students were significantly higher than other divisions (P< 0 .05) .Male students showed markedly higher stress level than female students in love pressure ,inferiority pressure and academic pressure (P< 0 .05) .The scores on frustration pressure and family pressure of students with siblings were significantly higher than students from one‐child family (P<0 .05) .The scores on family pressure of rural students were significantly higher than those from towns and cities (P<0 .01) .Conclusion The psychological stress of college students in Hainan province are overall in good condition .There are some differences among different groups .We should pay more attention to college students′mental health problems ,and make separate counseling according to the profession and family background difference .

Inmigración y maternidad en la transición a la vida adulta en jóvenes Latinoamericanas / Immigration and Motherhood on the transition to adulthood in Latin American young women

Resumen La teoría del adulto emergente es un marco de comprensión de los aspectos psicosociales del desarrollo humano, considerando aspectos referentes a la globalización y sus efectos. El adulto emergente, según defiende la teoría, presentaría cinco características principales:inestabilidad; ambivalencia / sentimiento de frontera; foco en sí mismo; experimentación; y visión de posibilidades para el futuro. Con el objetivo de validar ese modelo para un grupo específico: el de jóvenes madres latinoamericanas, fue elaborada una investigación que analizó cualitativamente, con las premisas del análisis de contenido, entrevistas que fueron realizadas en Barcelona con veintidós jóvenes inmigrantes latinoamericanas en España. Los resultados muestran que la teoría del adulto emergente puede ser una herramienta útil para la comprensión de la juventud actual como fenómeno, sin dejar de lado las características contextuales,legales y económicas, que tienen mayor impacto en la transición hacia la vida adulta.

Abstract The Emerging Adulthood is a theory about psychosocial aspects of human development that considers the effects of globalization. According to the theory, there are five main characteristics in the Emerging Adult: Instability; Ambivalence; Autofocus; Experimentation; Age of Possibilities. With the aim of validating this framework with a group of 22 Latin-American young mothers who are immigrant in Spain, the present study used the principles of Content Analysis to qualitatively analyze interviews with the chosen population. Results show that the Emerging Adulthood may be useful to understand the phenomena involved in the contemporary youth even if the contextual issues have a greater impact in the transition to adult life.

Adolescência e jovem adultícia: crescimento pessoal, separação-individuação e o jogo das relações / Adolescence and emerging adulthood: personal growth, separation-individuation and the relational game

O presente artigo procura problematizar a importância das dinâmicas relacionais no crescimento pessoal. Tendo como ponto de partida a teoria da apego, o desenvolvimento pessoal é pautado por processos de separação-individuação; são estes os processos que permitem a construção de um sentido de autonomia. Recentemente o conceito de "adultos emergentes" tem vindo a ganhar destaque, gerindo a discussão em torno dos factores internos e externos que eventualmente potenciam a entrada na adultícia. Pais, irmãos e pares assumem relevância neste processo, o que implica posteriormente um alargamento da rede social ao contexto de trabalho e às relações amorosas. As implicações desta transição serão discutidas à luz do processo de separação-individuação e dos factores moderadores do crescimento pessoal.

The purpose of the present article is to discuss the importance of the relationship dynamics in personal development. Taking the attachment theory as a starting point, the personal development path is guided by separation-individuation processes; these processes allow building a sense of autonomy. Recently the concept of "emerging adults" has gained importance, managing the debate around the internal and external factors that may enhance the entry into adulthood. Parental figures, siblings and peers assume a relevant role in the process, supporting the adolescent's inclusion in broader social contexts like work and romantic relationships. The implications of this transition will be discussed according to the separation-individuation process and moderating factors of personal growth.

A construção da identidade profissional na adultez em emergência: narrativas de uma jovem sobre o ser estudante e trabalhadora / Professional identity construction in emerging adulthood: an young woman 's narratives about being a student and worker

Os jovens dos países industrializados participam de contextos socioculturais em constante transformação e incertezas que demandam a construção de novas ações e significados referentes aos posicionamentos-eu. Para compreendermos as mudanças na adultez em emergência, analisamos um estudo de caso que compõe um projeto integrado de pesquisa, que objetivou entender a construção de significados e de posicionamentos sobre ser jovem, estudante e trabalhador no Distrito Federal. A estudante participou de cinco sessões de entrevistas: a) entrevista individual semi-estruturada; b) episódica seguida por entrevista com mediação de objetos; c) mediada por atividade escrita de complementação de frases; d) mediada por construção de linha do tempo; e) mediada por imagens. Aplicou-se a análise dialógica temática. Os resultados indicaram que a identidade profissional da participante foi construída na tensão entre os diferentes posicionamentos e significados na relação escola-trabalho, nos quais os marcadores temporais presentes relacionados ao evento de impacto nas narrativas direcionaram o seu vetor de desenvolvimento para novas formas de pensar, sentir e agir próprias da adultez.

Young people in industrialized countries take part in sociocultural contexts facing constant transformation and uncertainty that require the construction of new actions and meanings composing I-positions. In order to understand transformation in emerging adulthood, we analyzed a case study which is part of a main research aimed at studying the construction of positions about being a young student and worker in the Brazilian capital geopolitical area. A young woman took part in five interview sessions - a) a semi-structured interview; b) an episodic interview followed by another mediated by objects; c) an interview mediated by a writing activity of completing phrases; d) a fourth session mediated by the construction of lines of time; and e) a last session mediated by images. A thematic dialogical analyzes was applied. Results indicated that her professional identity was built in the tension between different positions and meanings in the relation between school and work in which time markers related to an event of impact present in the narratives directed her development vector towards new ways of thinking, feeling and acting characteristic of adulthood.

Satisfacción en las relaciones de pareja en la adultez emergente: el rol del apego, la intimidad y la depresión / Satisfaction in intimate relationships in emerging adulthood: the role of attachment, intimacy and depression

Esta investigación se propone caracterizar las relaciones de pareja en el período de la adultez emergente, y establecer la relación entre la satisfacción con la relación de pareja y los estilos de apego, la presencia de síntomas depresivos y el miedo a la intimidad. Participaron 120 jóvenes entre 18 y 26 años, quienes contestaron un cuestionario autoadministrado. Los resultados indican que la satisfacción con la relación disminuye por el grado de ansiedad y el miedo a la intimidad. Existen similitudes entre las relaciones amorosas en la adultez emergente y las relaciones adultas en base a su compromiso y duración.

This research aims to characterize the relationships in the period of emerging adulthood, and establish the relationship between satisfaction with the relationship and attachment, the presence of depressive symptoms and fear of intimacy. Participants 120 young people, between 18 and 26 who answered a self-administered questionnaire. The results indicate that satisfaction with the relationship falls by the degree of anxiety and fear of intimacy. There are similarities between romantic relationships in emerging adulthood and adult relationships based on their commitment and duration.